The emotional collapse of the family unit, whether through formal divorce or the psychological separation of parents, is considered one of the most significant factors threatening a child's mental health; in this state, the child faces feelings of insecurity, anxiety, emotional conflicts, and disruptions in emotional and social development. The purpose of this research is to analyze the legal and ethical responsibilities of parents in safeguarding a child's mental health after the emotional collapse of the family and to clarify the scope of their obligations regarding the psychological damages resulting from this situation. This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library resources, legal documents, relevant laws, and ethical discourses. The findings indicate that, in addition to legal duties arising from custody and support, parents are also ethically obligated to refrain from any stress-inducing behavior, emotional neglect, or the instrumental use of the child in family conflicts. Consequently, safeguarding a child's mental health is a continuous, shared, and fundamental responsibility for both parents.